PC Technician

Fixing PC Problems and Computer Stuff!

Things to consider in Maintaining your PC

Things to consider in Maintaining your PC

1. Keep the Computer Clean

Things are all well if it’s maintained accordingly. Untidy Equipment is less efficient compared to those maintained well.

2. Make Backup of Your Data

Operating systems (OS) offers this service as included in their packaged software. Or you can use various other programs on the internet some are free and some are for minimal fee. Backing up data is essential so that important information can be retrieved after a system crash.

3. Update the installed Programs

Always keep the updated versions of your programs for it can help you to work with ease.
These includes OS Update, Antivirus Programs, Internet Security and many others. Always remember that each and everyday, there are new Viruses, worms, junk mail, security breaches, hardware incompatibilities, and software conflicts.

Updating your computer with the latest software patches, necessary fixes, and new device drivers can really prevent future damages. Usually, updates are freely available on the Internet for every antivirus program, email client, operating system, and piece of hardware PC components.

Happy Computing!

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Safety Precautions for PC Technician

Personal Safety Guidelines

These are general guidelines for all types of troubleshooting, installation, and maintenance tasks. Take them seriously; they may keep you out of a dangerous situation.

Before repairing any electronic device, it is important to know the hazards and safety
factors. Use extreme care and follow these safety procedures at all times.

1.Remove jewelries.
2. Unplug the power cord before removing or re-installing any electrical component or circuit board.
3. Do not touch any exposed circuit with power.
4. Only have power applied when taking voltage measurements.
5. Insert test probes with one hand. This is referred to as the one-hand rule.
6. Do not leave any objects loose on the equipment, such as screws, nuts, or washers.
7. Before handling IC processors, do not touch the outside metal of the equipment and use an antistatic wrist strap that is connected to the chassis to be properly grounded.
8. Do not troubleshoot any equipment without appropriate documentation.
9. Never solder any connection with the power on.
10.After soldering, look for possible solder splashes.
11. Maintain a clean and safe work area.
12. Dol not rush the procedures.
13. If unsure about a procedure, ask for help.
14. Do not touch anything if there are any doubts.
15. Cover fire extinguisher locations, fire evacuation procedures, safety and first-aid kit locations, and emergency phone numbers.
16. Shoes, shirt, and long pants are required when working on equipment.
17. Do not work alone

Basic Work Safety Principles

1.Workspace should be situated away from carpeted areas since carpets can build up of electrostatic charges.
2. Workspace must not be in a conductive surface.
3. It should be distant from areas of heavy electrical equipment.
4. Must be free of dust.
5. Must have a filtered air system to reduce dust and contaminants.
6. Lighting equipment should be adequate to see small details.

Electrostatic Discharge (ESD)

Static electricity is created whenever two materials are rubbed together and electrons are transferred from one material to the other. This imbalance in electron distribution is equalized when the charged objected is connected with a ground path, which causes a rapid transference of electrons.

Human senses cannot detect a static electric charge of less than 2500 volts. A static electric charge of 3000 volts or more will create the familiar spark when you touch a light switch, a piece of metal, or another person. It is not uncommon to create a static electric charge of up to 30,000 volts, by simply “shushing” across carpet wearing leather-soled shoes. With most computer electronics running at three to five volts, it is easy to see how this static electric charge can destroy these devices. In fact, only a 10-volt static discharge through a device rated at five volts can destroy it.

ESD Effects

Some microcircuits are more prone to ESD damage than others. Older Transistor- Transistor Logic (TTL) chips are more robust than the newer Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) chips.

To prevent destruction to components by ESD, static must be equalized between you and the equipment being serviced.

Preventing Static Electric Charges

Whenever you are working on electronic equipment, use a grounding strap. Connect the equipment and the wrist strap to a common ground to keep all electron levels in balance. This is one of the most effective ways to prevent electron imbalance, and ESD.

The wire used on wrist straps has a resistor in it. When working with an ESD workstation make sure the grounding wire on the wrist strap has between 1 and 10 megaohms resistance. The purpose of the resistor is to protect you in case you encounter a voltage source. If the resistor is bad or missing, the shock you receive could be deadly.

Keep all electronic components in their protective antistatic bags and foam until you are ready to connect them. Antistatic bags work on the physical principle that a static electric charge only exists on the surface of the conductor, and not in its center. By placing the electronic devices in a conductive bag, the static electric charges will collect on the outside of the bag, and not on the outside of the components. This is known as a Faraday Cage. Conductive foam works by keeping all connectors on a component at the same voltage/ potential.

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PC Technician Tools


Tools needed by PC Technician

1. Most computer repair and maintenance tools used in the computer workplace are small hand tools.

2. They are included as part of PC toolkits that can be purchased at computer stores.

3. If a technician is working on laptops, then a small torx screwdriver is necessary.

4. The right tools can save a technician a lot of time and help the technician avoid damage to the equipment. Tool kits range widely in size, quality and price.

Troubleshooting tools fall easily into two categories: hardware and software.

Basic Hardware Tools

1. Screwdrivers – the most basic tool for working inside the PC.

a. Phillips Screwdriver – most computers use Phillips-head screws. A short-handled, number 1 Phillips screwdriver will probably be the most-used tools in your kit.
b. Hex-Nut Drivers – used in removing hexagonal head screws.
c. Torx Screwdrivers – the least familiar screws used in PC, it has a slot shaped something like a six-pointed star. This is probably the best kind of fastener for a PC. The driver fits securely into the screw-head, so it will not easily slip, and it is much less likely to become worn than any other type.

2. Parts-Retrievers or Tweezers- parts-retrievers or parts-grabbers are very useful for retrieving screws you’ve dropped inside the computer case, as well as for other purposes.

3. Needle-Nosed Pliers – also useful for grabbing screws and removing and installing jumpers in the PC.

4. Flashlights

5. Static Control Products – static electricity, formally know as electrostatic discharge (ESD), is the enemy of electronic components, and particularly of those inside the computers. To protect the components from ESD, ESD protection device is used such as grounding wrist straps and static-dissipative mats and bags.

6. Compressed Air – used for blowing out the dust in your PC.

Advance Hardware Tools

1. Multimeter – A device used that is use to measure the voltage, amperage or resistance of an electrical circuits.

2. Digital Thermometer – used to measure the temperature inside the PC. Intermittent failures and lockups can be due to over heating.

Software Tools

1. Installation CD – Windows, Office Application, Anti-virus software and utility program.

2. Emergency Boot Disk – a floppy disk that provides you with ability to boot up a system when the normal boot process has failed, and which contains several basic utility programs that come with both DOS and Windows.

Basic Drivers and Utility programs in EBD

1. System boot files – consist of Io.sys, Msdos.sys and Command.com

2. Hymem.sys - needed to load CD-ROM and other drivers.

3. ATAPI CD-ROM drives – if your computer has an IDE CD-ROM drive, you need a real-mode ATAPI (ATA Packet Interface) CD-ROM driver on your EBD to access diagnostic, driver or OS files from CD-ROMs, because when you boot from a floppy disk, the normal Windows CD-ROM drivers do not load.

4. Mscdex.exe - short for Microsoft CD-ROM Extension, this file assigns a drive letter to the device name you specified after the /D parameter in the Config.sys command that loaded the CD-ROM river.

5. Fdisk.exe - a program that you use to view and modify the partition table in a disk drive’s master boot record (MBR), which is the first sector to load in the beginning of the boot system sequence.

6. Format.com – it is used to clear out the File Allocation Table (FAT) of the drive.

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Install XP in your Vista PC

Add Windows XP to Your Windows Vista Enabled PC

You need :

1. Windows XP Installer CD
2. Windows Vista DVD

Note: Before doing anything, back up your system… Just in case. And, If you’re ready…
Follow these steps:

1. In Vista, click Start, type diskmgmt.msc, and press Enter. Click Continue if prompted by User Account Control.

2. Right-click a drive and choose Shrink Volume. Specify the amount to shrink, which in this case is the amount you want for your XP partition. If you want to allot 10GB of hard disk space for your XP system, type in 10000 in the box. Click Shrink.

3. Right-click the newly available area and choose New Simple Volume. When prompted, check Perform a quick format to format the volume with NTFS.

4. When the wizard is done formatting the new volume, you can assign or rearrange drive letters as needed.

* To do that, right-click a volume or the CD/DVD drive and choose Change Drive Letters and Paths. If a volume hasn’t got a drive letter yet, click Add. Otherwise, select the drive icon in the dialog box and click Change.

5. When you’re done with partitioning, exit Disk Management. Insert your XP disc into the drive and restart your system. Boot from your XP CD.

6. Install XP. When asked for the target drive, select your new partition and press Enter. When prompted choose Leave the current file system intact (no changes) and press Enter. Continue the installation process until it’s finished and XP has started.

7. Your system now boots to XP, so we’ll need to do some fixing to set up a boot menu. Insert your Vista DVD and restart the computer from it. Click Next in the first screen.

8. Don’t click Install when prompted! Instead, click Repair Your Computer in the lower-left corner.

9. When the System Recovery Options dialog appears, make sure Microsoft Windows Vista is selected and click Next. In the next dialog box, select the Command Prompt option at the bottom.

10. In the command-prompt window, type the following commands and press Enter after each one:

* bootrec.exe /fixMBR bootrec.exe /fixBoot

11. Close the command prompt and click Restart.

12. When your computer has booted into Vista, click Start, type cmd.exe, and press Ctrl+Shift+Enter to make the command window open with elevated privileges. Click Continue, if prompted by User Account Control.

13. Type the following commands in the command window, one at at time, pressing Enter after each one. After each command, you should get the response, “The operation completed successfully.” A response of, “The specified entry already exists,” is OK, too. If not, retype your command to make sure you’ve entered it correctly. If Vista is installed on a drive other than c:, change the first command below to use the proper drive letter. The curly braces around {ntldr} in each command must be typed exactly as shown:

* bcdedit -set {ntldr} device partition=C: bcdedit -set {ntldr} path \ntldr bcdedit -displayorder {ntldr} -addlast bcdedit -set {ntldr} description “Microsoft Windows XP”

And then:

The next time you restart your system, you should be see a prompt that will let you choose between Vista or XP. Select the one you want and press Enter.

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RAM Modules

RAM means Random Access Memory, your computer processor RAM to store some of the data needed to make your programs work.

RAM is used millions of times every second. A computer uses Ram to hold temporary instructions and data needed to complete tasks.

This enables the computer’s Central Processing Unit (CPU), to access instructions and data stored in memory in speedy manner.

Computer memory is crucially important to computer operation. Files and programs are loaded into memory from external media like hard drives and removable disks

Memory can be built right into a system board, but it is more typically attached to the system board in the form of a chip or module. Inside these chips are microscopic digital switches, which are used to represent binary data.

There are three main types of RAM:

    SDRAM
    DDR
    Rambus DRAM

SDRAM (Synchronous DRAM)

168-pin SDRAM DIMMs. SDRAM started out running at 66 MHz able to scale to 133 MHz (PC133) up to 180MHz or higher.

DDR (Double Data Rate SDRAM)

DDR basically doubles the rate of data transfer of standard SDRAM. DDR memory operating at 333MHz actually operates at 166MHz times 2 (PC333 / PC2700) or 133MHz times 2 (PC266 / PC2100) it has 2.5 volt technology that uses 184 pins in its DIMMs. Incompatible with SDRAM physically, but uses a similar parallel bus

Rambus DRAM (RDRAM)

RDRAM is a serial memory technology in three kinds, PC600, PC700, and PC800. PC800 RDRAM double the maximum throughput of old PC100 SDRAM, but a higher latency. RDRAM designs with multiple channels, such as those in Pentium 4 motherboards.

DIMMs vs. RIMMs

DRAM comes in two major forms: DIMMs and RIMMS.

DIMMs are 64-bit components, but if used in a motherboard with a dual-channel configuration like Nvidia nForce chipset you must pair them to get maximum performance.

DIMMs for SDRAM and DDR are different, and not physically compatible. SDRAM DIMMs have 168-pins and run at 3.3 volts, while DDR DIMMs have 184-pins and run at 2.5 volts.

RIMMs use only a 16-bit interface but run at higher speeds than DDR. To get maximum performance, Intel RDRAM chipsets require the use of RIMMs in pairs over a dual-channel 32-bit interface.

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